Cross-pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani strains on pasture legumes in pasture-crop rotations

In Australia, in the past, pasture legumes were rotated mainly with cereals, but increasingly these rotations now involve pasture legumes with a wider range of crops, including legumes. This increasing frequency of the leguminous host in the rotation system may be associated with increased root rots in legumes in the current pasture-crop rotations. The primary aim of this study was to see whether the pathogenicity on pasture legumes of strains of Rhizoctonia solani sourced from lupins and cereals (common crops in rotation with pastures) is associated with increased incidence of root rots in pasture legumes in the disease conducive sandy soils of the Mediterranean regions of southern Australia. The second aim was to determine sources of resistance among newly introduced pasture legumes to R. solani strains originating from rotational crops as this would reduce the impact of disease in the pasture phase. Fifteen pasture legume genotypes were assessed for their resistance/susceptibility to five different zymogram groups (ZG) of the root rot pathogen R. solani under glasshouse conditions. Of the R. solani groups tested, ZG1–5 and ZG1–4 (both known to be pathogenic on cereals and legumes) overall, caused the most severe root disease across the genotypes tested, significantly more than ZG6 (known to be pathogenic on legumes), in turn significantly >ZG4 (known to be pathogenic on legumes) which in turn was >ZG11 (known to be pathogenic on legumes including tropical species). Overall, Ornithopus sativus Brot. cvs Cadiz and Margurita, Trifolium michelianum Savi. cvs Paradana and Frontier and T. purpureum Loisel. cv. Electro showed a significant level of resistance to root rot caused by R. solani ZG11 (root disease scores ≤1.2 on a 1–3 scale where 3 = maximum disease severity) while O. sativus cvs Cadiz and Erica showed a significant level of resistance to root rot caused by R. solani ZG4 (scores ≤1.2). O. compressus L. cvs Charano and Frontier, O. sativus cv. Erica, and T. purpureum cv. Electro showed some useful resistance to root rot caused by R. solani ZG6 (scores ≤1.8). This is the first time that cvs Cadiz, Electro, Frontier, Margurita and Paradana have been recognised for their levels of resistance to root rot caused by R. solani ZG11; and similarly for cvs Cadiz and Erica against ZG4; and for cvs Charano, Erica, and Electro against ZG6. These genotypes with resistance may also serve as useful sources of resistance in pasture legume breeding programs and also could potentially be exploited directly into areas where other rotation crops are affected by these R. solani strains. None of the tested genotypes showed useful resistance to R. solani ZG1–4 (scores ≥2.0) or ZG1–5 (scores ≥2.5). This study demonstrates the relative potential of the various R. solani ZG strains, and particularly ZG1–4, ZG1–5, ZG4 and ZG6 to attack legume pastures and pose a significant threat to non-pasture crop species susceptible to these strains grown in rotation with these pasture legumes. Significantly, the cross-pathogenicity of these strains could result in the continuous build-up of inoculum of these strains that may seriously affect the productivity eventually of legumes in all rotations. In particular, when choosing pasture legumes as rotation crops, caution needs to be exercised so that the cultivars deployed are those with the best resistance to the R. solani ZGs most likely to be prevalent at the location.     

基于MODIS NDVI的长江中游区域植被动态及与气候因子的关系

基于1999-2015年的MODIS NDVI时间序列遥感数据，应用趋势分析、变异系数、重标极差分析和偏相关分析等方法，分析了长江中游的植被时空变化特征及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明，长江中游地区NDVI均值总体上呈上升趋势（从0.72增加到0.80）。从空间分布来看，NDVI低值区域（0.1-0.5）占1.40%，高值区域（>0.7）占87.15%；NDVI空间格局呈"西高东低、北高南低"的分布特征，低值区域表现为以三省省会城市为中心向外辐射。Hurst指数显示，研究区大部分区域（60.54%）的NDVI变化趋势具有不确定性，持续性改善区域（34.78%）主要分布在西部山地区，持续性退化区域（3.26%）主要分布在人类活动频繁的较发达城市区域。在年际尺度上，研究区NDVI与各气象因子关系均不显著；月际尺度上，NDVI与降水、相对湿度和日照时数显著相关，降水和日照时数有明显的时滞性。区域内NDVI动态趋势以不确定性发展为主，城市群周边NDVI呈现持续退化的区域应该引起关注。     

亚东璃眼蜱的延迟交配对吸血时间和生殖力的影响

蜱类种群密度的制约因素包括生物的和非生物的两类,分析和认识这些规律,对蜱类的防治上有重要意义。 蜱类的生殖是维持种群密度的重要一环。后肛沟类硬蜱的雌虫当吸附在宿主体时,由于某些原因可发生延迟交配现象。蜱类延迟交配对生育力的影响,在这方面的研究较少。本文为亚东璃眼蜱Hyalomma asiaticum kozlovi Olenev的延迟交配对吸血时间、饱食后的体重以及产卵量等的试验研究结果。     

光刺激参数控制器

本文介绍一种能准确而迅速改变光刺激器光学参数(波长、强度等)的远距控制装置。将具有不同光学参数的滤光片(或孔径)置于转盘的不同位置,并对其编码。通过对编码值与预置值的比较,驱动步进马达带动转盘到所需的位置。仪器操作简便,有良好的重复性。     

促黄体素释放激素类似物(LH-RH-A)对人蜕膜组织核糖核酸和蛋白质合成的抑制作用

高剂量LH-RH-A可明显抑制人蜕膜组织在离体下对~3H-尿嘧啶和~3H-亮氨酸的摄取;低剂量LH-RH-A无明显影响。在人蜕膜组织中也发现有高亲合力(K_?=3.83±1.36×10~?M~(-1))的LH-RH-A特异受体。上述发现表明,高剂量LH-RH-A可通过直接抑制RNA和蛋白质的合成而调节蜕膜组织的功能。     

强壮水螅的特征及其与寡水螅的种间差别问题

一种广泛分布于黑龙江省的大型具柄水螅被暂定为强壮水螅Hydra robusta(IT(?) 1947)。这一中国品系与IT(?)(1947)在日本报告的新种主要特征相同,包括具有精巢乳头。只是精巢乳头不稳定。在实验室条件下第一次有性生殖时每个雄体都发生精巢乳头,但第二次有性生殖时,同一群的后代可全部失去精巢乳头。这是介于强壮水螅与寡水螅Hydra oligactis Pallas(1766)之间的中间性状。从而导致作者做出结论,认为过去其他学者所主张的,以精巢乳头的有无做为鉴别特征来区分强壮水螅和寡水螅是不可靠的。因此,本文又检验了此种水螅的体细胞染色体,证明2n=30,其中第二对染色体上有明显近中位置的次缢痕,最小染色体的长度为最大染色体长度的二分之一以上。这些可做为此种水蝗的鉴别特征。对Niiyama(1944)和Datta(1970)在寡水螅上所做的染色体研究也做了比较及讨论。     

大熊猫与金黄地鼠体外异种受精的研究

在大熊猫精子与地鼠卵的体外异种受精中,发现大熊猫精子穿入地鼠卵后可以激活受精卵产生极区,释放第二极体,受精卵内雌性原核形成。与此同时,地鼠卵的胞质也能促使大熊猫精子头发育成雄性原核,异种精卵间的相互作用与同种受精的相似。 细胞松弛素B能阻抑大熊猫雄性原核从地鼠卵皮层迁移到卵的中央,实验表明大熊猫雄性原核的迁移也受异种卵的微丝的控制。